COVID-19 Studies Show Impact to Certain Patients With Autoimmune Conditions

Recent studies have analyzed how individuals with autoimmune conditions prescribed specialty medications may be affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Results of several studies were presented during a session of the National Association of Specialty Pharmacy (NASP) 2020 Annual Meeting and Expo Virtual Experience, along with provider resources for guidelines in managing these chronic conditions and medications with the virus.¹

During the session “State of Care: Autoimmune Disorders,” presenter Kate Jelline, PharmD, CSP, MSCS, director of pharmacy operations, Ardon Health of Portland, Oregon, said her health care system has had experiences helping patients with autoimmune disorders manage their chronic conditions and medications during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to Jelline, there have been common questions and concerns about COVID-19 expressed by Ardon Health patients with autoimmune conditions.

“Patients were concerned that the package they receive their medication in was going to have the coronavirus on it from transportation. We also saw these questions very closely aligned with the media. So when the media started showing news stories about supply chain issues, we started getting calls about that,” Jelline said.

Common questions included:

• Am I at extra risk for COVID-19 because I am taking an immune-suppressing medication?
• Are there going to be supply issues with getting my medication?
• What extra steps should I be taking to protect myself?
• Should I stop taking my medication?
• If the medication I am taking is being used in COVID-19 studies, does this mean I am protected?

Jelline said patients became interested in potential COVID-19 benefits through their current medications when news reported shared that some of these drugs were being studied for possible treatment of the virus. Although all of the answers aren’t yet known, she said, Jelline shared data from nonrandomized trials relevant to patients with autoimmune conditions.

New York University Langone Health Case Series^1,2

In presenting the data, Jelline noted that New York is “an area that was hit very hard by the pandemic early on.”

This study analyzed 86 patients with immune-mediated inflammatory disease, of whom 69% had confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 31% were highly expected to have had the virus.

Overall, 72% of the 86 patients were receiving biologics or Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors. The study showed a hospitalization rate of approximately 11 %, which the authors concluded was similar to the rate of hospitalization in the general population in New York, according to Jelline.

However, the overall incidence of hospitalization for all 86 patients was 16%. According to Jelline, the results published in the New England Journal of Medicine showed the rate of hospitalization rose above the general population for those patients with immune-mediated inflammatory disease who were using oral glucocorticoids, hydroxychloroquine, or methotrexate.

Global Rheumatology Alliance Registry Case Series^1,3

This study examined 600 cases of COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic disease, 46% of whom were hospitalized for treatment of the virus. Nine percent of the 600 patients died. Jelline said the study revealed some interesting data.

“The authors looked at the impact of various medications and found that prednisone doses greater than or equal to 10 mg/day were associated with higher risks of hospitalization,” she said.

Conversely, the use of tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors (TNFi) was associated with a reduced risk of hospitalization (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.19-0.81). However, investigators found that conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs alone or in combination with biologics or JAK inhibitors was not associated with a higher risk of hospitalization (OR 1.23, 95% CI 0.70-2.17 and OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.37-1.46), respectively.

Lombard, Italy Case Control

This study found that patients with psoriasis (PsO) who were being treated with biologics had a higher risk of testing positive for COVID-19 (OR 3.43, 95% CI 2.25-5.73), needing to self-quarantine at home (OR 9.05, 95% CI 5.61-14.61), and of hospitalization (OR 3.59, 95% CI 1.49-8.63) compared thwi the general population.^1,4

“However, there was no increased risk of [intensive care unit] admission or death,” Jelline said.¹

This controlled study examined 1193 patients with plaque PsO, most of whom were treated with biologics. They included patients treated with interleukin (IL)-17 inhibitors (45%), TNFi (22%), IL-12/23 inhibitors (20%), phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors (6.5%), and IL-23 inhibitors (5%).¹

“[This is] another area hit particularly hard by the pandemic,” Jelline said.¹

According to the investigators, only 17 patients with PsO and confirmed cases of COVID-19 were quarantined at home and 5 were hospitalized, no patients with PsO and COVID-19 were admitted to ICU or died.⁴

Investigators recommended that patients with PsO who are taking biologics be monitored at home through telemedicine during the pandemic.⁴

Conclusion

Jelline said a better understanding of COVID-19 and its potential risks to patients with autoimmune conditions on specialty medications will, hopefully, come as more is learned about the virus and more robust trial data become available.

Until then, pharmacists can use COVID-19 guidelines to manage patients with autoimmune conditions. Jelline briefly touched upon some familiar organizations that offer guidance to pharmacists. The American College of Rheumatology, for example, provides recommendations about what to do in certain scenarios, such as when and how long to hold biologics and JAK inhibitors in cases of virus exposure.

“This guidance continues to be updated very frequently due to rapidly expanding information and evolving evidence as we learn more about the virus,” she said.

Other sources for provider guidance include the American Academy of Dermatology, the Multiple Sclerosis International Federation, the American Gastroenterological Association, the Arthritis Foundation, Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation, Lupus Foundation of America, National Multiple Sclerosis Society, National Psoriasis Foundation, and Spondylitis Association of America.

REFERENCES

• Jelline K, Riccardo C. State of Care 2020: Autoimmune Disorders. Presented at: National Association of Specialty Pharmacy (NASP) 2020 Annual Meeting & Expo Virtual Experience; September 17, 2020.
• Haberma R, Chen A, Castillo R, Adhikari S, Hudesman D. COVID-19 in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases—Case Series from New York. N Engl J Med 2020; 383:85-88. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc209567
• Gianfrancesco M, Hyrich KL, Al-adely S, et al. Characteristics associated with hospitalisation for COVID-19 in people with rheumatic disease: data from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance physician-reported registry. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(7):859-866.​
• Damiani G, Pacifico A, Bragazzi NL, Malagoli P. Biologics increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalization, but not ICU admission and death: Real-life data from a large cohort during red-zone declaration. Dermatol Ther. 2020;:e13475.​